The Ancient Greek word ἀγαπάω (agapaō) underwent an interesting development of meaning over time:
- Originally, it meant 'greet with affection' or 'welcome kindly'. It implied a warm and tender feeling toward another person, often with physical expression. This is consistent with its etymological roots relating to intimacy and physical sensation.
- By the 5th century BC, it took on the meaning 'regard with affection' or 'hold in esteem'. It implied not just a casual greeting, but an enduring attitude of liking, fondness and care for another. However, it still usually referred to human relationships and attachments.
- By the 4th century BC, philosophers like Plato began using ἀγαπάω metaphorically to mean 'take delight in' or 'find pleasure in'. For example, loving wisdom, truth or noble pursuits. This introduced more abstract and even spiritual uses of the word.
- In the 1st century AD, Christians adopted ἀγαπάω to translate the Hebrew word 'ahabah' - meaning unconditional love, especially God's divine love for man. This new sense transformed the meaning to selfless, sacrificial, boundless love - transcending human bonds.
- By the Byzantine period, ἀγαπάω and its related noun ἀγάπη (agapē) became central concepts in Greek Christian theology. They conveyed the highest form of spiritual love for God and man.
So in summary, the word evolved from implying physical warmth and affection between people, to philosophical notions of love for ideals, to the Christian concepts of unconditional and divine love. This reflected changing cultural attitudes and new spiritual influences on Greek thought over many centuries.
The development of ἀγαπάω gives a glimpse into the spread of new ideas in the ancient Mediterranean, and how languages adapt to express new ways of thinking. Its changing meaning left a lasting legacy for Western culture and religion.
Ancient Usage
In Ancient Greek, "ἀγαπάω" was used to express various forms of love, affection, or high regard. It could be used in the context of love for one's children, a favorite meal, or even a political leader.
Hellenistic Period
During the Hellenistic period (323–31 BC), the use of "ἀγαπάω" and "ἀγάπη" began to change. In the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, "ἀγαπάω" was often used to translate the Hebrew "ahav," which covers a wide range of love types, including familial, romantic, and divine love.
New Testament Usage
The New Testament, written in Koine Greek, further transformed the meaning of these words. Here, "ἀγαπάω" and "ἀγάπη" are most often used to describe the selfless, sacrificial love of God for humanity, and the love that Christians are commanded to have for one another. This is sometimes called "agape love," to distinguish it from other types of love.